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class="p2"> <span>噴射混凝土是借助于噴射機械將混凝土高速噴射到受噴面上凝結硬化而成的一種混凝土。與普通混凝土相比較，它具有快速、早強，施工工藝簡單，不需要模板和振搗，很多情況下可以不影響其他生產的特點。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093131.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>噴射混凝土從誕生開始被大量運用于地下工程。由于其材料和工藝的特點，很快就突破了地下工程支護的范圍，被運用于在建筑物的加固補強上，并取得了良好加固效果和經濟效益。但是不同類型的速凝劑在噴射混凝土實際施工過程中的使用效果是完全不同的。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093217.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>我國從20世紀50年代開始使用噴射水泥砂漿作為礦山開巷危巖表面的隔離防護層。1965年，鐵道部開始使用噴射混凝土技術，隨后原冶金部等也相繼在礦山、隧道中使用噴射混凝土。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093229.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>自1986年以來，中國噴射混凝土筑壩建設發展迅速，技術也逐步達到較成熟的地步，壩工設計水平、關鍵技術研究的廣度和深度已居世界前列，許多技術已達到國際領先水平。接下來我們一起看看應用領域當中實際有多少常用的速凝劑。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093260.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>常用的速凝劑是硅酸鈉（水玻璃，改性硅酸鈉）、鋁酸鹽速凝劑、堿土金屬的碳酸鹽或其氫氧化物，以及無堿速凝劑。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093272.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>（1）堿土金屬碳酸鹽和堿土金屬的氫氧化物，其常規摻量為水泥重量的2.5%~6%，他們主要是促進C3S的水化。一般加入少量的碳酸鋁，可以影響水泥的凝結時間。但是，只有當大劑量摻入時，其影響才能被觀察到。這種速凝劑的特點是水泥的最終強度大幅下降，與空白混凝土相比，28d強度明顯下降（一般30%~40%），有一些工程甚至下降50%。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093284.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>（2）硅酸鈉、硅酸鉀類速凝劑主要用于濕拌噴射混凝土，他們通常都是液體，而且摻量很大（大于10%膠凝材料重量）?？扇苄缘墓杷猁}由于反應生成硅酸鈣沉淀而加速凝結。當大劑量使用時，這些促凝劑降低了與基底的黏結力最終導致混凝土強度的下降和嚴重的干縮。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093296.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>（3）鋁酸鹽類（鋁酸鈉、氯酸鉀）速凝劑既可以用干混，又可以用于濕混噴射混凝土工程，常用劑量一般為2.5%~5.5%。鋁酸鉀比鋁酸鈉速凝效果更好，但價格也更高。他們主要是直接參與硅酸鹽水泥水化而加速水泥的凝結，與石膏結合，阻止水泥顆粒表面形成鈣礬石，而使C3A立即反應，產生大多數噴射混凝土所需要的初始強度。它們的作用通常受水泥的化學成分、細度以及所含的礦物添加劑的影響，但這種影響比所看到的碳酸鹽類外加劑的影響要小。最終強度將損失20%~25%。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093372.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>（4）非堿性粉末狀速凝劑，九十年代初開始使用非堿性速凝劑粉末。一般，它們主要是鋁酸鈣外加劑，摻量在6%~12%，其化學作用不同于堿基外加劑。促凝作用使直接參與水的反應，而不是直接參與水泥的水化反應。無堿速凝劑的應用才剛剛開始，新產品主要是氫氧化鋁或與硫酸鋁復合的產品，在少量使用時（4%）就能產生足夠的早起強度。當摻量高達8%時，后期強度沒有損失。但用量大于10%時，會出現明顯的后期強度損失。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093383.jpg" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <br /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>無堿液體速凝劑的堿含量少于0.3%，它們的常規摻量為膠結料的6%~8%，當摻量恰當時，它能夠產生較高的早期強度，這種外加劑最重要的特性是其后期強度不損失，對大多數水泥和環境溫度適應性強，無塵無污染，最大程度的降低對環境和施工人員健康的損害，回彈量低，減少對原材料的浪費，施工進度快，施工成本低。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093413.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>噴射混凝土與澆注混凝土有許多相似之處，但是，不同類型的速凝劑使用到噴射混凝土中會有許多不同之處：其一，噴射混凝土的施工工藝與成形條件有別于普通混凝土；其二，水泥含量及砂率均較普通混凝土高，水灰比較小，特別是摻入速凝劑后，大大改變了混凝土結構。因此，它的性能與普通混凝土有一定差別。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093425_1000X556.jpg" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>使用速凝劑的主要目的是使噴射混凝土速凝快硬，減少混凝土的回彈損失，防止噴射混凝土因重力作用而引起脫落，提高其在潮濕或含水巖層中使用的適應性能，也可以適當加大一次噴射厚度和縮短噴射層間的間隔時間。</span> </p> <p class="p2" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1649302093501.png" /> </p> <p class="p2"> <span>隨著經濟和社會的發展，噴射混凝土的應用越來越廣泛，對噴射混凝土的性能也提出了更高的要求，為了滿足上述要求，噴射混凝土速凝劑正在向低摻量，低回彈，高效凝結，早強，綠色環保，降低施工成本，售后完善的方向發展。在噴射混凝土施工中，對無堿速凝劑的運用會是長期性的，并且會在這個基礎上不斷的優化升級。</span> </p> <p class="p2"> <br /> </p> <p class="p2"> <br /> </p> <style type="text/css">.b1{white-space-collapsing:preserve;} .b2{margin: 1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;} .p1{text-align:center;hyphenate:auto;font-family:Calibri;font-size:15pt;} .p2{text-align:justify;hyphenate:auto;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10pt;} </style> </div> </div> <div class="h10"></div> <div class="articlePage wow fadeInUp"> </div>  </div> <div class="fotA"> <div class="pageUpbtn fl"> <i class="artbtn1"></i><a style="padding-left: 90px;" href="/view/cnIndex/1/18/view/355.html"> 混凝土保護層的作用</a> </div> <div class="pageUpbtn"> <i class="artbtn2"></i><a href="/view/cnIndex/1/18/view/353.html"> 常見混凝土種類及修補混凝土裂縫方法</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="h40"></div> <div 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